Labour Market Trends

Pathways

• Two to three years of undergraduate studies or, in Quebec, completion of a college program, a bachelor’s degree from a recognized law school, successful completion of the bar examination and completion of a period of articling are required.
• Licensing by the provincial or territorial law society is required.
• Be an active member of a law society in the province or territory of legal practice.

Pathways

• A bachelor’s degree or in Quebec, completion of a college program and one year of pre-medicine university studies is usually required.
• Graduation from an approved medical school and two to three years of family medicine residency training are required.
• Completion of the qualifying examinations of the Medical Council of Canada or the Collège des médecins du Québec and licensing by the provincial or territorial licensing authority are required*

Pathways

• Teachers of academic subjects require a bachelor’s degree in education which is often preceded by a bachelor’s degree in the arts or sciences.
• Teachers of vocational or technical subjects require a bachelor’s degree in education which is usually preceded by specialized training or experience in the subject.
• Instructors of trades in Quebec require completion of an apprenticeship training program and industry or trade certification.
• Department heads usually require several years of teaching experience.
• To specialize in special education or English or French as a second language, additional training is required.
• A provincial teaching certificate is required.
• Membership in a provincial or territorial teachers’ association or federation may be required.

Pathways

• Chartered professional accountants, chartered accountants (CPA, CA) require a university degree and completion of a professional training program approved by a provincial Institute of Chartered Accountants and, depending on the province, either two years or 30 months of on-the-job training and membership in a provincial Institute of Chartered Accountants upon successful completion of the Uniform Evaluation (UFE).
• Chartered professional accountants, certified general accountants (CPA, CGA) and chartered professional accountants, certified management accountants (CPA, CMA) require a university degree and completion of an approved training program and several years of on-the-job training and certification with a regulatory body is required in all provinces and territories.
• Auditors require education, training and recognition as indicated for chartered professional accountants, chartered accountants (CPA, CA), chartered professional accountants, certified general accountants (CPA, CGA) or chartered professional accountants, certified management accountants (CPA, CMA) and some experience as an accountant.

Pathways

• Computer engineers require a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering, electrical or electronics engineering, engineering physics or computer science.
• A master’s or doctoral degree in a related engineering discipline may be required.
• Licensing by a provincial or territorial association of professional engineers is required to approve engineering drawings and reports and to practice as a Professional Engineer (P.Eng.).
• Engineers are eligible for registration following graduation from an accredited educational program, three or four years of supervised work experience in engineering and passing a professional practice examination.

Pathways

• Two years of pre-veterinary university studies or completion of a college program in health science and a four to five year university degree in veterinary medicine and successful completion of an examination leading to a national certification are required.
• Completion of a degree in veterinary medicine and three to four years of additional postgraduate studies or residency program in the specialty of their choice are required.
• Veterinary specialists must be accredited by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) or the American Board of Veterinary Practitioners (ABVP). In Quebec, they must be accredited by the Ordre des médecins vétérinaires du Québec and only 18 specialties are recognized.
• A provincial license to practice is required.

Pathways

• A bachelor’s degree in computer science, business administration, information systems or a related discipline or completion of a college program in computer science is usually required.
• Certification or training provided by software vendors may be required by some employers.

Pathways

• Completion of secondary school is usually required.
• Completion of a three- to four-year apprenticeship program or a combination of over four years of work experience in the trade and some high school, college or industry courses in carpentry is usually required to be eligible for trade certification.
• Trade certification for carpenters is compulsory in Quebec and available, but voluntary, in all other provinces and the territories.

Pathways

• A bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering or in a related engineering discipline is required.
• A master’s degree or doctorate in a related engineering discipline may be required.
• Licensing by a provincial or territorial association of professional engineers is required to approve engineering drawings and reports and to practice as a Professional Engineer (P.Eng.).
• Engineers are eligible for registration following graduation from an accredited educational program, and after three or four years of supervised work experience in engineering and passing a professional practice examination.

Pathways

• Completion of secondary school and training courses or a vocational program are usually required.
• Completion of a four-year automotive service technician apprenticeship program or a combination of over four years of work experience and industry courses in automotive technology is required to be eligible for trade certification.
• Trade certification for automotive service technicians is compulsory in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Ontario and Alberta and available, but voluntary, in Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut.
• Automotive service technician (transmission) trade certification is compulsory in Ontario.
• Automotive service technician (steering, suspension and brakes) trade certification is compulsory in New Brunswick and Ontario.
• Automotive service technician (service station mechanic) trade certification is compulsory in Nova Scotia and available, but voluntary, in Prince Edward Island.
• Trade certification for truck and transport mechanics is compulsory in Nova Scotia, Ontario and Alberta and available, but voluntary, in Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, British Columbia and the Yukon.
• Transport trailer technician trade certification is compulsory in Ontario and available, but voluntary, in Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia and the Yukon.
• Red Seal endorsement is also available to qualified truck-trailer repairers and truck and transport mechanics upon successful completion of the interprovincial Red Seal examination.

Pathways

• Completion of secondary school is usually required.
• Completion of a four- to five-year apprenticeship program is usually required.
• Trade certification for construction electricians is compulsory in Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta and available, but voluntary, in British Columbia, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut.
• Trade certification for electricians (domestic and rural) is compulsory in Newfoundland and Labrador and Ontario.

Pathways

• A bachelor’s degree in social work is required in Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut.
• In Alberta, a bachelor’s degree or diploma in social work is required.
• Supervised practical experience is usually required.
• Successful completion of provincial written and oral examinations may be required.

Pathways

• A university degree or college diploma in business marketing, public relations, communications, journalism, museology or a discipline related to a particular subject matter is usually required.
• Practitioners in public relations may require an APR (Accredited in Public Relations) designation.

Pathways

In most cases, the minimum educational requirement to work as an environmental scientist is a university undergraduate degree. A graduate degree, such as a Master’s or Ph.D. may be required for senior-level positions. The following post-secondary programs are most relevant for a career in this field:

• Environmental science
• Environmental planning
• Environmental engineering
• Forestry
• Wildlife
• Hydrology

Pathways

• Take courses to learn the fundamentals of photography such as composition, lighting, exposure
• Acquire photography equipment based on your preferred genre of photography
• Practice your photography skills regularly and experiment with different subject, environments and lighting conditions 
• Build a portfolio that showcases your best work 
• Establish an online presence 
• Market your photography services

Pathways

• Develop your artistic skills through practice, experimentation and study
• Take art classes, workshops, courses to learn various techniques, styles and mediums 
• Master your artistic medium that you want to specialize in
• Create a portfolio of your artwork that showcases your skill and style 
• Present your work to an audience 
• Build up your network through becoming a member of local or regional art associations

Pathways

• A Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture from a university program accredited by the Canadian Architectural Certification Board (CACB)
• Complete an Internship in Architecture Program (IAP) under the supervision of a licensed architect
• Obtain work experience, you would need to accumulate a minimum of 3,720 hours of relevant work experience
• Pass the Examination for Architects in Canada (ExAC) administered by the Canadian Architectural Licensing Authorities (CALA)
• Register with the Ontario Association of Architects which is a legal requirement to practice architecture in Ontario

Pathways

• A bachelor’s degree in a field related to cybersecurity, computer science or IT (Information Technology) 
• Take courses or pursue industry-recognized certifications to validate your cybersecurity knowledge and enhance your employability. 
• Gain practical experience in the field of cybersecurity
• Stay updated on the latest threats and trends in cybersecurity through industry papers, blogs, conferences and webinars

Pathways

• Complete a degree or diploma in marketing from a recognized university or college, alternatively you can take marketing courses or complete certifications to obtain the necessary skills and knowledge
• Gain practical marketing experience to obtain a deeper understanding of marketing strategies and tactics
• Create a professional portfolio to market your services 
• Build a professional network within the field of marketing you are interested in

Pathways

• Complete a travel and tourism program or obtain a related diploma (note that formal education is not mandatory) 
• Obtain relevant certifications such as CTC (Certified Travel Counselor) or CTM (Certified Travel Manager) offered by the Association of Canadian Travel Agencies (ACTA)
• Register with the Travel Industry Council of Ontario

Pathways

• Complete the required flight training and instruction to obtain a Private Pilot License (PPL)
• Accumulate flight hours and experience (minimum of 200 flight hours)
• Obtain a Commercial Pilot License (CPL) after meeting the flight hour requirements and other prerequisites
• Earn an Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL) to become a captain (this requires completing training programs and accumulating 1500 flight hours, passing written and practical exams and meeting the medical fitness criteria. 

Pathways

• Completion of a university, college or other approved registered nursing program is required.
• Additional academic training or experience is required to specialize in a specific area of nursing.
• A master’s or doctoral degree in nursing is usually required for clinical nurse specialists, clinical nurses, nursing consultants and nursing researchers.